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Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law

The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law. But Manuel L. Quezon doesn’t approve off it and told the Americans that !0 years are too long for them. So the Americans now created ‘Tydings-McDuffie Law’ which Manuel L. Quezon and the Filipinos approved.

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Apat na misyong pangkalayaan

Unang Misyon

Naganap noong 1912 ito ay pinangunahan ni Manuel L. Quezon, pero hindi ito pinagbigyan ng mga Americano.

 

Pangalawang Misyon

Ito ay naganap noong 1922 at ito ay pinangunahan nina Manuel L. Quezon at Sergio Osmeña subalit hindi rin ito pinaunlakan ng mga Americano.

Pangatlong Misyon 

Ito ay naganap noong 1927 ito ay pinangunahan ni Manuel Roxas pero katulad ng naunang dalawa ay hindi ito pinayagan ng mga Americano.

Ikaapat Misyon

Ito ay naganap noong 1930 at ito ay pinangunahan ulit ni Manuel Roxas at sa kabutihang palad ay pinatupad na ng mga Amricano ang layunin lumaya ng mga Pilipino.

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Batas Gabaldon 1907

UBLIC schools were to the American colonial regime what Baroque churches were to the Spanish period. In their time, both were the most imposing structures in all our provinces, cities and towns. As Spain used religion to colonize and Hispanize, the United States of America established the public education system for “pacification” and Americanization.
Lamentably for heritage conservation, most of the school houses built during the Spanish colonial period were reduced to rubble during the Philippine-American War (1899-1911) and when the Philippine Commission sent the American Secretary of War a telegram about the “pacification” strategy, Eng. Edgar K. Bourne was instructed to go to Manila. Daniel Burnham, famous city planner, and other American architects soon followed.
Acting rapidly, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 268 creating the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings, with Mr. Bourne as its head. The construction of schoolhouses in Manila and the provinces began and this activity was viewed as the most important work of the Bureau.
No sooner was the Philippine Assembly formed after the elections of 1907, when Act No. 1801, authored by Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon of Nueva Ecija, was approved and became widely known as GABALDON ACT . This appropriated Php 1 million between 1907 to 1915 for the “construction of schoolhouses of strong materials in barrios with guaranteed daily attendance of not less than sixty pupils…”
Funds for each school could not exceed Php 4 thousand unless the municipality contributed a counterpart sum of not less than fifty percent of the total amount granted to it by virtue of the Gabaldon Act. The municipality was authorized to appropriate its own funds, receive voluntary contributions in cash, kind, or in manual labor, for the construction of schoolhouses.
The Gabaldon Act stipulated that only on land owned by the municipality could schools be constructed. Because proposed sites had to be surveyed and registered with the Court of Land Registration, very few schools were erected in the first three years. As separate planning for each school was burdensome, the Bureau of Public Works and Bureau of Education soon came up with standardized designs. These were known as “Gabaldon School Buildings” or simply “Gabaldon,” long after the expiration of Act 1801.
Fifty-one “Gabaldons” were completed by 1911 and by 1916, four hundred five more were constructed bringing the total number of classrooms to one thousand eight hundred fifty-two. Three hundred twenty seven of these “Gabaldons” were made of concrete. In the Gabaldon-style school, there was architectural harmony between the main building and other accessory structures. As it turned out, an elegantly-designed school instilled in both teachers and students a certain pride and an appreciation for the finer things in life.

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Sergio Osmeña (Speaker of the House) and Manuel L. Quezon (Majority floor Leader)

Prior to his succession to the Presidency in 1944, Osmeña served as Governor of Cebu from 1901–1907, Member and Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907–1922, and Senator from the 10th Senatorial District for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate President pro tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for the presidential election that year. The tandem was overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941.

 Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944) served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines (as opposed to other historical states), and is considered by most Filipinos to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1897–1901). He was also the Majority Floor Leader. 

 

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera (Federal Party)

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera (Federal Party)

After the cessation of hostilities in the Philippine-American War (then known as the “Philippine Insurrection”), political parties were allowed to be formed for the first time. The Partido Federalista (Federal Party) was one of the first to be formed, on December 23, 1900. In the establishment of the Philippine Assembly, delegates such as Pedro Paterno, that pushed for Philippine statehood within the United States, formed the Partido Federal; the party was favored by the American insular government, which appointed delegates in the assembly. The Federalists elected Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as party president and dominated Manila politics. Their primary opponent were delegates that advocated immediate independence; these would later form the Nacionalista Party. The nationalists would wrest control of the assembly starting in 1907 when the first elections were held. At this point, the power of the Federalists waned, and their statehood platform was rescinded, and the party was named as the Progresista Party.

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The Treaty of Paris

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John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of the United States.

 

The treaty of peace between the United States and Spain was signed at Paris by the respective commissioners on the 10th day of December, 1898, and ratified by their’ governments a few months later. Spain agreed to cede to the United States the Philippine Archipelago in consideration of receiving $20,000,000. Article 8 of the Treaty declares that “the abandonment and cession stipulated shall in no way affect the property and rights accorded by custom or law to the peaceful holders of goods of any sort in the provinces, cities, public or private establishments, civil or ecclesiastical corporations, or any other collectively which has any legal right to acquire goods, or rights in the ceded or abandoned territories, and the same applies to the rights and properties of individuals of every nationality whatsoever.”

Article 9 recites that “Spanish subjects born in the Peninsula and resident in the territories, the sovereignty of which Spain abandons, or cedes, may remain in, or go away from, those territories and still hold, in either case, their property rights as well as the right to sell, or dispose of, the real estate, or its produce. They shall also have the right to follow their trades, or professions, subject to the laws affecting all other foreigners.”

It is easy to comprehend the grief and anger with which the Filipinos learned the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Apparently the friars were as firmly entrenched as ever. The Americans had given them a title to the lands which the natives protested had been stolen from their rightful owners. Their archenemy with whom tlhey had struggled for many years appeared to have the support of the powerful Government of the United States, for no intimation of the ultimate action of the American authorities in the disposition of the friars’ lands had as yet been given.

The insurgent leaders were thoroughly disgusted with the turn of events, and it must be confessed that they had no little ground for their discontent. The money which they had received from the Spanish Government ($400,000) as a condition of surrender in 1897, had been carefully husbanded for the future struggle that they anticipated and had been expended in their operations supporting the American invasion. There is no doubt that someone, who they had reason to suppose was authorized to speak for the American Government, had assured the Junta Patriotica in Hongkong that they miglht look for the independence of the Philippines to follow American success in wresting the islands from Spain. The expectations of the Filipinos were strengthened by Admiral Dewey’s action in bringing Aguinaldo and his lieutenants to Manila in an American war vessel; in supplying them with arms; and in employing them in the ensuing carnpaign. The services rendered by the insurgents during the three months that the American fleet lay in Manila Bay, quite unable for lack of troops to take advantage of the naval victory, should not be lightly estimated. Even after the arrival of reinforcements from America, the revolutionary forces afforded valuable assistance in the reduction of the city and afterwards in holding the island and maintaining order.

To have granted independence to the Philippines at that time would have been to visit the people with a greater misfortune than a continuance of the rule of the friars, and it is weIl that the American Government did not entertain either idea. But it can hardly be questioned that both policy and justice demanded prompt and substantial recognition of the services of the leaders in the Filipino rebellion. Had this been done it is probable that Aguinaldo and his companions could have been induced to lay down their arms and to submit to the authority of the American Government. That they continued the contest for the possession of their country – a contest in which they had already sacrificed fifty thousand lives – is not to their discredit. Senator Hoar, addressing Congress on the subject, said: “Mr. President, there is one mode by which the people of the Philippine Islands could establish the truth of the charges as to their degradation and incapacity for self-government which have been made by the advocates of Imperalism in this debate, and that mode is by submitting tamely and without resistance to the United States.”

There had been serious friction, bordering at times upon open rupture, between the American and insurgent troops from the time of the arrival of the former, but it was not until February, 1899, that the ill-advised and hopeless armed opposition of the Filipinos to the United States Government began. It is impossible to determine the responsibility for the immediate outbreak. Each side accused the other of undue precipitancy and aggravation, hut the question is of little consequence.

The subjugation of the insurrectos was accomplished under extreme difficulties. The native troops rnaintained a guerilla war for years, retreating to the mountains, or the jungle, when pressed, and only attacking in overwhelming numbers. The capture of Aguinaldo broke the back of the resistance, and although a few armed bodies remained at large in different parts of the Archipelago, the Philippine Commission was able to certify on September the 11th, 1902, that ,”The recently existing insurrection of the Philippine Islands has ceased and a condition of general and complete peace has been established therein.” At this poin it may be well to sketch in outline the system of administration under the Spaniards. We shall thereby gain some idea of the task which was presented to the American Government upon taking over the islands, the extent of its achievement up to the present, and the difficulties yet to be overcome.

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Tatlong naging pangunahing dahilan ng Pananakop ng Amerika sa Pilipinas:

Una- Layuning Pulitikal

Upang mapalawak ang lupaing sakop at magsimula ng bagong Pilipinas; at upang makapagtatag ng Base Militar dito sa Pilipinas dahil sa istratehikong lokasyon nito (dahil ang Pilipinas ang itinuturing na “Doormat of Asia”)

Ikalawa- Layuning Pang-ekonomiya

Upang makapagtatag ng mga pamilihang Amerikano at mapagkunan ng mga hilaw na sangkap at gawing bagsakan ng mga tapos na produkto ang bansa.

Ikatlo- Layuning Pangrelihiyon

Upang mapalaganap ang Protestantismo sa kalakhang-Asya at pahingahan din ng mga misyonero.

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Mga komisyon at batas na ipinatupad noong panahong ng pananakop ng mga Amerikano:

Komisyong Schurman

Ang komisyong schurman, kilala rin sa tawag na First Philippine Commission, ang unang komisyong Amerikano na ipinadala sa PIlipinas. Pinamumunuan ito ni Jacob Schurman. Layunin ng KOmisyong ito na siyasatin at alamin ang kalagayan ng Pilipinas upang maging batayan ng mga planong pagbabago na gagawin ng United States. Hangad din ng komisyong ito na ipaalam sa mga Pilipino ang layunin ng United States na tulungan ang Pilipinas na magtatag ng isang pamahalaan. Nais din nito na maging maayos ang ugnayan ng mga Amerikano at mga Pilipino dahil malaki ang maitutulong nila sa paglaganap ng kanilang kapangyarihan sa Asia.

Komisyong Taft 

Ang Komisyong Taft, kilala rin bilang Ikalawang Komisyong Pilipino, ay ang komisyong itinatag noong 16 Marso 1900 na nagpasimula sa pagtatayo ng pamahalaang sibil sa Pilipinas noong panahon ng pagsakop ng Estados Unidos, sa utos ni Pangulong William McKinley. Sa panahon ng pag-iral ito, nagsilbi bilang tagapagbatas ng Pilipinas ang Komisyon sa ilalim ng soberanya ng Estados Unidos sa panahon ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano.

Batas tungo sa kalayaan: 

Batas Jones 1916 

Ang Batas Jones o ang Philippine Autonomy Act ay ang batas na nagbibigay sa mga Pilipino ng kalayaang magsarili at pangako ng pagkakaloob ng kasarinlan sa Pilipinas sa lalong madaling panahon kapag nagkaroon na ang bayan ng isang matatag na pamahalaan. Ito ang pinakamahalaga at pinakamataas na batas ng Pilipinas simula nang 1916 hanggang 1935 nang pagtibayin ang Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas. Ang Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 na lalong kilala sa tawag na Batas Jones ay pinanukala ni Kinatawan William Atkinson Jones ng Virginia, U.S.A. at nasabatas noong ika-29 ng Agosto, 1916.

Batas Tydings McDuffie

Ang Batas Tydings–McDuffie na inaprubahan noong Marso 24, 1934 ay isang pederal na batas ng Estados Unidos na nagkaloob ng nagsasariling pamahalaan ng Pilipinas at ng kalayaan nito (mula sa Estados Unidos) matapos ang sampung taon. Noong 1934, pinamunuan ng Pilipinong pulitikong si Manuel L. Quezon ang “misyong pang-kalayaan ng Pilipinas” sa Washington, D.C. na nagtagumpay sa pagpapatibay ng Kongreso sa batas na ito.

Batas ng Pilipinas 1902 ( Batas Cooper)

Ang Batas Cooper o mas kilala sa tawag na Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902 ay isang batas na ipinatupad ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas noong 1902. Ipinagtibay ito noong Hulyo 2, 1902. Ito ay nagtakda ng pagbibigay ng mga karapatan sa malayang pananalita at pagpapahayag, kalayaang huwag mabilango dahil sa pagkakautang,pagiging pantay-pantay sa harap ng batas at kalayaan mula sa pagkaalipin.Ayon din sa Katipunan ng Karapatan, dalawang Pilipino na kasapi sa komisyon ang maaaring ipadala bilang kinatawan ng Pilipinas sa Kongreso ng Estados Unidos. Sa bisa ng batas na ito, itinatag ang Asamblea o Batasan ng Pilipinas. Noong Hulyo 30,1907 ginanap ang halalan at ang pagpapasinaya ay ginnap noong Oktubre 16,1907 sa Grand Opera House. Naging speaker si Sergio Osmeña at si Manuel L. Quezon naman ang pinuno ng higit na nakararaming kasapi. Nahirang din sina Benito Legarda, Sr. at Pablo Ocampo bilang kinatawan ng Pilipinas sa Kongreso ng Estados Unidos